As a consequence of such properties, some species have been introduced to various parts of the world. Most of the members of the genus provide a rich resource of food, timber, and other valuable products, popularising them in their native regions ( Jagtap and Bapat, 2010 Xavier et al., 2014 Ragone, 2018). This genus comprises ~70 species with considerable variability in size, height, flower/fruit morphology, developmental processes, and functional properties ( Zerega et al., 2010 Gardner et al., 2021). Genus Artocarpus (Moraceae), or “Breadfruits,” are tropical plants famous for their nectary and fleshy fruits ( Jarrett, 1977). Our comparative genomic framework provides important insights by incorporating endemic species such as the Wild Jack. Several genes from starch, sucrose metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways, in Artocarpus species had signatures of selection and gene family evolution. heterophyllus, which had a major contribution to its larger genome size. Upon further investigation, we found a recent lineage-specific accumulation of LTR Copia in A. Repetitive genomic regions, especially LTR Copia, strongly affected the demographic trajectory of A. Demographic history reconstruction indicates a stronger effect of habitat rather than phylogeny on the population histories of these plants. To decipher demographic and evolutionary history, we compared our Wild Jack genome with previously published Jackfruit and Breadfruit genomes. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the whole genome of Artocarpus hirsutus sampled from the sacred groves of Coorg, India. With numerous smaller but nutritionally comparable fruits on a larger tree, Artocarpus hirsutus, also called “Wild Jack” or “Ayani”, is an elusive forest species endemic to Indian Western Ghats. The most commonly cultivated species are Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit) and Artocarpus altilis (Breadfruit). Breadfruits are native to Southeast Asia but have been introduced to other continents. 3College of Forestry, Ponnampet, Karnataka, IndiaĪrtocarpus (Moraceae), known as breadfruits for their diverse nutritious fruits, is prized for its high-quality timber, medicinal value, and economic importance.2College of Agriculture Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.1Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Ajinkya Bharatraj Patil 1 Sai Samhitha Vajja 1 S.
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